Independent quantitative research

The shape of
uncertainty.

A quantitative research lab for volatility. We study how it is measured, how it is modelled, and how far ahead it can honestly be forecast — across equity, rates, FX and commodity markets. Everything we learn gets published, in writing and on video.

01 — What we work on

Four questions, worked in the open

Volatility is the most forecastable thing in finance and still routinely forecast badly. Most of the damage happens before any model is fitted: in how the target is measured and how the result is evaluated.

01

Measurement

Realized variance, realized kernels, microstructure noise, jump separation. You cannot forecast a quantity you have not defined properly.

02

The surface

Smile, skew and term structure; arbitrage-free parameterisation; what the surface implies about the risk-neutral distribution.

03

Forecasting

Horizon by horizon, with honest out-of-sample protocol, sensible loss functions and significance testing rather than a single flattering backtest.

04

Regimes

Clustering, long memory, roughness and structural breaks — why persistence estimated in calm markets fails exactly when it matters.

02 — Model zoo

The models we build on

Four families, each answering a different question. Nothing here is a silver bullet; most of the skill is in knowing which family the problem belongs to.

Conditional variance

Discrete time, daily returns

  • ARCH Engle, 1982
  • GARCH Bollerslev, 1986
  • EGARCH Nelson, 1991
  • GJR-GARCH Glosten–Jagannathan–Runkle, 1993
  • TGARCH Zakoian, 1994
  • APARCH / fGARCH Hentschel, 1995
  • IGARCH · EWMA RiskMetrics
  • GARCH-MIDAS mixed frequency
  • MF2-GARCH Conrad & Engle, 2025

Realized measures

Intraday data, observable target

  • Realized variance sum of squared returns
  • Realized kernels Barndorff-Nielsen et al.
  • Bipower variation jump-robust
  • HAR-RV Corsi, 2009
  • HAR-RV-J / CHAR jump and continuous split
  • Realized GARCH Hansen et al., 2012
  • HEAVY Shephard & Sheppard

Continuous time

Pricing, surfaces, roughness

  • Black–Scholes constant vol baseline
  • Local volatility Dupire, 1994
  • Heston 1993
  • SABR Hagan et al., 2002
  • Bates · 3/2 · CEV jumps and elasticity
  • SVI / SSVI Gatheral & Jacquier
  • Rough Bergomi, RFSV Gatheral, Jaisson & Rosenbaum

Machine learning

Where it helps, and where it does not

  • XGBoost gradient-boosted trees
  • LightGBM leaf-wise boosting
  • Random forest variance reduction
  • LSTM / GRU recurrent sequence models
  • Temporal Fusion Transformer attention, covariates
  • N-BEATS deep basis expansion
  • Gaussian processes uncertainty by construction
  • SHAP attribution, not explanation

03 — Notes

Research notes

Working notes, written to be read by someone who wants the reasoning and not just the conclusion.

04 — Video

The channel

We publish explainers on @volatility_insights — a ladder that starts from nothing and ends at the current research frontier. Every episode is built so the previous rung is the only prerequisite.

Rung 1 — Primers
  • What volatility actually measures
  • Variance, standard deviation, annualisation
  • Why volatility clusters
  • Reading a smile and a skew
Rung 2 — Core methods
  • EWMA and the RiskMetrics shortcut
  • GARCH(1,1) built from scratch
  • Realized variance from intraday data
  • HAR in twenty lines of Python
Rung 3 — Advanced
  • The volatility surface in three dimensions
  • Rough volatility and the Hurst exponent
  • XGBoost and LSTM forecasting
  • Evaluating forecasts without fooling yourself

05 — Contact

Get in touch

Collaboration, data, a question about a note, or a topic you want covered on the channel — all welcome.